Types of Text
Hortatory Exposition Text
Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.
GENERIC STRUCTURE
1. THESIS
Announcement of Issue Concern
Announcement of Issue Concern
2. ARGUMENTS
Reason for concern that lead to recommendation
Reason for concern that lead to recommendation
3. RECOMMENDATION
Statement of what ought or ought not to happen
Statement of what ought or ought not to happen
EXAMPLE:
Corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the US. It’s just a matter of the intensity, however, that makes Jakarta the most corrupt place in Indonesia. (THESIS)
The survey makes me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As we all know from Tanjung Priok Port, smuggling is no news at all in this town. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payment will bribe the officials. (FIRST ARGUMENT)
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors have been so far from enough. We have to prevent the younger generation from the bad mentality. (SECOND ARGUMENT)
I believe we can start at the earliest stage in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinctions.
The survey makes me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As we all know from Tanjung Priok Port, smuggling is no news at all in this town. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payment will bribe the officials. (FIRST ARGUMENT)
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors have been so far from enough. We have to prevent the younger generation from the bad mentality. (SECOND ARGUMENT)
I believe we can start at the earliest stage in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinctions.
Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
Spoof Text
Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist / Funny Ending
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Review Text
Definition of Review
Review is a text which presents critical analysis on events or works for readers or public audiences.
Generic Structure of Review
1. Introduction
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretation
4. Summary
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretation
4. Summary
Language Feature of Review
1. Focusing on certain participant
2. Using adjectives; bad, good, etc
3. Using complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Analyzing on the Text
l Generic Structure analysis
General classification; stating general classification, the animal of platypus.
Description; describing in detail characterization of platypus' body and habitual life
General classification; stating general classification, the animal of platypus.
Description; describing in detail characterization of platypus' body and habitual life
l Language Feature Analysis
Focusing in group; the animal of platypus
conditional, logical connective; but, in the other hand
Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams, male platypus does not need any burrow, etc
Focusing in group; the animal of platypus
conditional, logical connective; but, in the other hand
Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams, male platypus does not need any burrow, etc
Recount
Definition of Recount
It is a text which tells about an even, an incident, or an activities which happen on somebody. The purpose is to retell something or to entertain people.
Generic Structure Analysis
· Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view, I was on the car las week.
· Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc.
· Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking God because nobody was seriously injured.
Language Feature Analysis
· Using personal participant; I
· Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly
· Using linking verb; was, were
· Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc
· Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the car, my car lunched on one side, etc
Example: Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
News Item Text
Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
2. Using material process
Narrative Text
Definition of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.
Language Features of Narrative
· Using processes verbs
· Using temporal conjunction
· Using Simple Past Tense
Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
· Orientation; introducing participants, Cinderella and her stepsisters. They lived together once time
· Complication; describing the conflict among the participants. Cinderella wanted to come to the ball but her stepsisters did not let her go
· Resolution; stating a problem solving, a happy ending. A fairy Godmother helped her to come to the ball
Example: Once upon a time there was a girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsisters. They were very bossy. They made Cinderella do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsisters would not let her go. Cinderella was sad because she wanted to go to the ball too. Her stepsisters went to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball, Cinderella dance with the prince. The prince fell in love with her then married her. They lived happily ever after.
One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsisters would not let her go. Cinderella was sad because she wanted to go to the ball too. Her stepsisters went to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball, Cinderella dance with the prince. The prince fell in love with her then married her. They lived happily ever after.
Explanation Text
Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
Generic structure of Explanation
l General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
l Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Language Feature
l Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
l Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
l Using passive voice pattern
l Using simple present tense
Discussion Text
Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Generic Structure of Discussion
l Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
l List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
l List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
l Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion
l Introducing category or generic participant
l Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
l Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the other hand, however, etc
l Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
l Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Anecdote Text
Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Analytical Exposition Text
Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1.Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2.Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position
3.Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more
4.Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
2.Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position
3.Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more
4.Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
Language Features of Analytical Exposition
l Using relational process
l Using internal conjunction
l Using causal conjunction
l Using Simple Present Tense
Analyzing on the Text
l Generic Structure Analysis
1. Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
2. Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
3. Argument 2; writing articles is good in earning money
4. Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online
1. Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
2. Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
3. Argument 2; writing articles is good in earning money
4. Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online
Description
Definition of Description text
A piece of writing that describes a living or non-living thing is known as a description.
Generic Structure of Description
l Introduction
l This introduces who or what is being described.
l Description
l This is the main body, which explores the features of the person or object, for example the appearance, behavior, habits, qualities, uses, etc.
Special features
l The description also includes special or unique features of the person or object.
l Conclusion
l This is a concluding statement which may be a fact or an opinion.
Language Features
l Noun which is specific; father, school, my dog, etc.
l Simple present tense
l Detailed noun phrase; an intelligent tall student, a big large beautiful wooden horse.
l Adjective
l Relational Process; my car has four doors
l Figurative language/simile; my throat is as dry as a desert.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar